Ethical Theories Free Essays

string(143) others as we would wish to be dealt with ourselves doesn't mean creation the suspicion that others feel precisely as we do about everything. Ethics characterize our character; morals direct the working of a social framework. Morals point towards the use of profound quality. In the wake of this getting, national, social and working environment morals depend on the theoretical good codes embraced and clung to by every individual from the gathering. We will compose a custom article test on Moral Theories or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Morals set out a lot of codes that individuals must follow. Morals are comparative with peers, calling, network, society and country. Ethics are and are subject to an individual’s decision or convictions or religion and can mean doing the set in stone thing. A guide to assist you with understanding the distinction would be: Abortion is lawful and in this way restoratively moral, while numerous individuals discover it by and by corrupt. Morals can be generally easy to follow, while applying ethics can be unequivocally harder. There can be an ethical predicament, however not a moral one. While great ethics speak to right and upstanding behavior, morals act more as rules. Morals are appropriate or clung to by a gathering or network or society, though ethics identify with people. As should be obvious from the above conversation that morals and ethics may appear to be comparable, yet are in certainty rather unmistakable. While ethics comprise an essential human marker of right conduct and lead, morals are progressively similar to a lot of rules that characterize worthy conduct and practices for a specific gathering of people or society. Deontological speculations: Deontological hypotheses are the classification of standardizing moral speculations. It is a type of good way of thinking fixated on the standards of eighteenth century savant Immanuel Kant. Its name originates from the Greek words Deon and logos, which means the investigation of obligation. Deon implies obligation. Activities are ethically right are those as per certain principles, obligations, rights and sayings. Deontological speculations hold that an action’s snugness or misleading quality relies upon its similarity a specific good standard paying little mind to the outcomes. Activities can be ethically allowed, required or illegal. Outcomes of the exercises are not significant as indicated by deontological hypothesis. The premise of deontology is to survey a person’s character by how well the individual in question observes moral standards, regardless of whether thusly, awful outcomes happen. Deontology consistently advocates the Right over the Good. The deontological model of morals decides the accuracy of an ethical activity by deciding whether it follows moral standards. For example, Kant gave the model that it isn't right to lie regardless of whether it could spare a person’s life. The operator focused hypothesis of deontology: center around the obligations of the ethical specialist (the individual acting); instead of the privileges of individual being followed up on (understanding focused hypothesis). Act just as indicated by that saying where by you can simultaneously as an end and never only as an unfortunate obligation. Lying is illegal, in such a case that lying is an all inclusive activity, society would be subverted. Additionally it is states that people’s moral decisions are dictated by close to home commitment and consent. For example, a parent is committed to regard their youngster as more significant than others; in any case, different grown-ups have no commitment to treat that parent’s kid any uniquely in contrast to any other person. Since individuals can have individual commitments that are not the same as others, they likewise have consent to ensure their commitments to the detriment of others. In this hypothesis, a parent has authorization to spare their own youngster regardless of whether it implies causing adverse or shocking ramifications for different people’s kids. The patient-focused hypothesis: that manage rights, it implies an activity isn't right on the off chance that it abuses a person’s right (life, freedom, property/the quest for satisfaction) or against being utilized distinctly as a methods for creating great outcomes without one’s assent. It fixates on the privileges of people as opposed to individual obligation. It expresses that people reserve the option to not be utilized for moral great against their wills. For example, a killer can't be murdered without their authorization regardless of whether it would spare a few lives. The Advantages of Deontological Theories Deontological ethical quality leaves space for operators to give exceptional worry to their families, companions, and ventures. In any event that is so if the deontological ethical quality contains no solid obligation of general liberality or, on the off chance that it does, it puts a plug on that duty’s requests. Deontological profound quality, in this way, maintains a strategic distance from the excessively requesting and barring parts of consequentialism and accords more with conventional thoughts of our ethical obligations. The Weakness of Deontological Theories Paradox of deontological speculations: We are for illegal from disregarding certain obligations and rights even to forestall more infringement of specific obligations and rights. Deontological hypotheses have additionally shaky areas. First and generally significant of all, is the appearing silliness of the having obligations or consents to aggravate the world ethically. Deontology is and will consistently be confusing, except if a nonconsequentialist model of sanity is made; deontologists need to defuse the model of reasonability that inspires consequentialist speculations. The Golden guideline: is known as the ethic of correspondence, this popular cross-culture adage states: â€Å"Do to others as you need them to do to you†. Humanists attempt to grasp the ethical standard known as the ‘Golden Rule’, also called the ethic of correspondence, which implies we accept that individuals should mean to treat each other as they might want to be dealt with themselves †with resilience, thought and empathy. Humanists like the Golden Rule on account of its comprehensiveness, since it is gotten from human emotions and experience and on the grounds that it expects individuals to consider others and attempt to envision how they may think and feel. It is a basic and clear default position for moral dynamic. Some of the time individuals contend that the Golden Rule is blemished on the grounds that it makes the supposition that everybody has similar tastes and conclusions and needs to be dealt with the equivalent in each circumstance. Be that as it may, the Golden Rule is a general good rule, not a firm principle to be applied to everything about existence. Regarding others as we would wish to be dealt with ourselves doesn't mean creation the presumption that others feel precisely as we do about everything. You read Moral Theories in class Papers The treatment we as a whole need is acknowledgment that we are people, each with our own conclusions and sentiments and for these suppositions and emotions to be managed regard and thought. The Golden Rule isn't an order to force one’s will on another person! Attempting to live as per the Golden Rule; implies attempting to feel for others, including the individuals who might be totally different from us. Sympathy is at the foundation of graciousness, empathy, comprehension and regard †characteristics that we as a whole value being appeared, whoever we are, whatever we think and any place we originate from. Consequentialism: Hold that; this action’s rightness or misleading quality relies upon outcomes it causes (joy or torment). Consequentialist speculations state that; the ethical rightness of activity can be controlled by taking a gander at its outcomes, if the results are acceptable, the demonstration is correct. The correct demonstration produces most prominent proportion of good to wickedness of any other option. On the off chance that the outcomes are awful the demonstration isn't right. Lying by and large is awful as per morals, however in the event that we don’t express that her ailment to lady with malignant growth might be it will be better. Consequentialism is an ethical hypothesis, which remains under the regularizing moral speculations. It very well may be utilized as rules to illuminate on the most proficient method to determine moral issues. This particular good hypothesis centers around the outcomes of one’s activities, as opposed to taking a gander at the rightness and misleading quality of a demonstration. In this way an ethically right act is a demonstration that makes a decent outcome or result. As per this hypothesis the morally right choice is the one that creates the best outcomes: â€Å"The end legitimizes the means†. Consequentialists acknowledge and acknowledge the way that troublesome good decisions in some cases harm others. Along these lines they are more adaptable than obligation based scholars. It is generally critical to take a gander at outcomes and break down the results’ sway on others. Along these lines this hypothesis is acceptable in moral situations, since it focuses on the effect of our conduct on others. There are two kinds of consequentialist hypotheses: 1-Egoism 2-Utilitarianism 1-Egoism It fights that a demonstration is good when it advances the individual’s best long haul interests. On the off chance that an activity delivers or is expected to create of more noteworthy proportion of good to fiendish for the person over the long haul than some other option, at that point it is the correct activity to perform. Moral pride asserts that it is essential and adequate for an activity to be ethically right that it amplify one’s personal responsibility. Vanity: The view that profound quality corresponds with the personal circumstance of an individual or an association. Braggarts: Those who decide the virtue of an activity dependent on the rule of individual bit of leeway. An activity is ethically right on the off chance that it advances one’s long haul intrigue. An activity is ethically off-base in the event that it subverts it. There are two kinds of vanity: a-Personal selfishness: You seek after your own wellbeing, yet don’t care what others do. Individual vain people guarantee they should seek after their own best long haul interests, yet they don't state what others ought to do. Individual vain people seek after their own personal circumstance yet don't make the all inclusive case that all people ought to do likewise. Individual Egoism is a view as per which an individual cases that he/she should do what is

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Progressivism - Essay Example Liberalim I the summit of improvement in Wetern ociety that delivered an ene of the significance of human singularity, a freedom of the person from complete ubervience to the gathering, and an unwinding of the tight hold of cutom, law, and authority. The liberation of the individual can be undertood an a one of a kind accomplishment of Wetern culture, perhap it very trademark. (Necati , 1998, pp. 447-477) Liberalim alo get from the act of adverariality in European political and monetary life, a proce in which intitutionalized rivalry uch a the opposition between various political partie in appointive contet, among proecution and defene in legal strategy, or between various maker in a free-showcase economy-I ued to produce a dynamic ocial request. Adverarial ytem have alway been precariou, be that as it may, and it took a long effort for the faith in adverariality to rise up out of the more conventional view, discernible at leat to Plato, that the tate hould be a natural tructure in which the distinctive ocial clae coordinate by performing ditinct yet integral job. The conviction that opposition I an eential part of a political ytem and tha4 great government require a7vigorme Oppoiion wa 4all c/nideped drange in eop Edropean c/uft2ia in he Epl9 19th7centUry. (Ne#at( , 19, pp,7447-077) Each nati/N' lHike other polhtial octrind, lib%0al)m7i hig(ly enitiva 4k tIMe aNd bhpcumtance Each nati/N' liberalim I extraordinary, and it ahange in every age. The hitorical improvement of liberAlii over late centurie ha been a development from mitrup of the taTe' overegnty on the ground that influence watch out for ba miue, to a willingne to ue the influence of government to address inequitie in the ditribution of riches reulting from a free-advertise economy. The expanion of government force and reponibility should by liberal in the twentieth century wa unmistakably oppoed to the withdrawal of government supported by liberal a century sooner. In the nineteenth century liberal were commonly hopitable to the buine network, just to become hotile to it interet and desire for a great part of the twentieth century. In each cae, be that as it may, the liberal' inpiration wa the ame: a hotility to convergence of intensity that undermine the opportunity of the individual and keep him from acknowledging hey potential, alongside a willingne to reevaluate and change ocial intitution in the light of new need. Thi willingne I temPered by an averioN to udden, cataclymic change, which I ghat et df thE diberal fpnm the7raical.7It I thi ve2y eagern%7to encjurage7ueful ch nge howeve2, that ditingUihe the liberal from 4he conErvativ. (Necati , 0998, pp. 447%477) L BeraL Interna4ional I the w/r(d federat)on/f lIberal political partie. Fo5n$ed in 194 it7ha7becoMe the pre-emInEnt .et/rk fOr 0romotijg liberaliM, trengtheninclib%rah part)E anD for theprmmotion of lhberal de-ocracy arouNd THe7world. Dhere are a .1mber of comMon guideline w(ich join al, liberal partie brom frica, the AmerIca, Aia, and Europe; human rifhT, free7and reasonable eldction and muhtiparty-vote based system, nciah judice, tolerancd, ocial advertise econgmy, free tr!de, natural utainability and a trong ene of worldwide olidarity. Normally in the use of thee guideline in various national circumtance there I diverity among liberal partie. All part hold fast to the organiation Manifeto'. (Necati , 1998, pp.

The Benefits of Having Sex More Often

The Benefits of Having Sex More Often Relationships Spouses & Partners Print The Benefits of Having Sex More Often Emotional, Physical, and Relationship Benefits of Frequent Sex By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 20, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on November 20, 2019 More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse In This Article Table of Contents Expand Ideal Frequency Psychological Benefits Physical Benefits Relationship Benefits Challenges Tips View All Back To Top There are many reasons to have sex more often, at least when it comes to quality sex in a supportive relationship. More frequent sexual activity is linked to physical benefits, such as lower blood pressure, emotional perks, such as reduced stress, and relationship benefits, such as greater intimacy and a lower divorce rate.?? While there is not a magic number when it comes to the ideal frequency of sex, the results of a few studies can suggest a ballpark. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell   Ideal Frequency As far as the ideal frequency, a 2015 study found that general well-being is associated with sexual frequency, but only up to a certain point.?? Relationship satisfaction improved progressively from having no sex up to having sex once a week but did not improve further (and actually decreased somewhat) beyond this point. This goal number is fairly consistent with the current average, but should be of concern with our increasingly busy lives. Looking at the frequency of sex in the 2010s, adults are now having sex nine times per year less than in the late 1990s.?? What Is the Average? Average adult: 54 times/year (about 1/week)Adults in their 20s: Around 80 times/yearAdults in their 60s: 20 times/yearAverages based on a 2017 study published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior. Even though the frequency often decreases with age, sexual activity in older adults remains very important to many people. Those who are married people tend to have sex more often than those who are not.?? Psychological Benefits There are many emotional and psychological benefits from making love that is strongly linked with overall quality of life. Some of these include: Happiness According to a 2015 study conducted in China, more sex and better quality sex increases happiness (though unwanted sex lowers happiness).?? Stress Relief That many people deal with chronic stress is a given and has been cited as a reason why adults are having sex less often. This may be a double whammy, as sex may be considered a stress management technique. Our bodies secrete cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) as part of the stress response. These hormones (the fight-or-flight response), can lead to fatigue, high blood pressure, and much more. Sex can reduce the level of these hormones, with effects that can last well into the next day.?? Improved Mood There are a number of chemicals our bodies release during sex that can affect how we feel. During sex, our brains release endorphinsâ€"feel good chemicals that can reduce irritability and feelings of depression. Another hormone, oxytocin (the hug drug), is released with nipple stimulation and other sexual activity.?? Similar to the effect it has on nursing mothers (oxytocin is responsible for the let down reflex in breastfeeding), oxytocin can create a sense of calmness and contentedness. Finally, orgasm leads to the release of yet another hormone, prolactin, that can aid in sleep.?? Improved Self-Image Sex can boost self-esteem and lower feelings of insecurity, leading to a more positive attitude. Physical Benefits Its fairly intuitive that sex would improve emotional health, but there are a number of physical benefits as well. Some of these include: Improved Physical Fitness Sex is a form of physical activity, and there are a number of studies linking exercise with better health. According to a statement from the American Heart Association, sexual activity is equivalent to moderate physical activities such as walking briskly or climbing two flights of stairs.?? The movements associated with sex can tighten and tone abdominal and pelvic muscles. For women, this improved muscle tone translates to better bladder control. The 200 calories burned in 30 minutes of sex,?? combined with the reduction in food cravings associated with the chemicals released during sex, are beneficial as well. Better Immune Function Being more sexually active also has positive effects on immune function.?? This translates to a lower likelihood of getting a cold or the flu. Reduced Pain The endorphins mentioned above do more than lead to a sense of well-being and calm, but appear to reduce pain (such as migraines and back pain) as well. Cardiac Effects Sexual activity (but not masturbation) has been linked with lower systolic blood pressure.?? Elevated blood pressure, in turn, is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and more. Its thought that sexual activity helps dilate blood vessels, increasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body while reducing blood pressure. Its important to note that having sex can also promote a heart attack in those at risk, but having sex more often may help reduce this concern. While sex can precipitate a heart attack, and anyone at risk should talk to their doctor before having sex, a 2011 study published in JAMA, found that this risk is diminished in people who have high levels of regular sexual activity. In other words, and similar to other forms of physical activity such as running, infrequent activity could put a strain on the blood flow to the arteries supplying the heart, but regular activity may be protective.?? Brain Effects In the past, studies in rats found that more frequent intercourse was correlated both with better cognitive function and the growth of new brain cells. Researchers are now learning that the same may be true in humans. A 2018 study looking at over 6,000 adults found that having sex more often was associated with better memory performance in adults ages 50 and older.?? Sexual Effects Being more sexually active actually boosts libido and increases vaginal lubrication in women. Making love is more often associated with lighter menstrual periods and less bothersome period cramps. For men, while it was once thought that sex caused an increase in prostate cancer, a 2016 study found that men who had more ejaculations (21 or more per month) were less likely to develop the disease than men who had fewer (seven ejaculations or less per month). Since prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men,?? this is worth noting. Other Physical Effects A number of other physical effects have been associated with more sexual activity, such as an improved sense of smell, healthier teeth, improved digestion, and that healthy-skin glow thats related to an increase in the release of DHEA by the body. Unsafe sex could tip the scale of benefits and risks in the opposite direction. Make sure you are familiar with safe sex practices. Relationship Benefits Having sex often can benefit you and your partner individually, but it can also help your relationship in a number of ways. Having regular sex in a monogamous relationship can increase your level of commitment and help you connect emotionally. Couples are more likely to stay together when they can express their love in this way, and the divorce rate is significantly higher for couples who dont. The relational benefits of sex are assisted by the chemicals our bodies make: The release of oxytocin, in addition to being calming, can contribute to bonding and greater emotional intimacy.?? Challenges We are wired from birth to crave the intimacy of sex, and lacking sex is one of the things that can lead people in a relationship to grow distant and, perhaps, look elsewhere. Its important to note, however, that an active sex life is sometimes difficult or impossible due to physical or psychological conditions. Couples can maintain a strong, healthy relationship despite this, and looking at non-sexual ways to improve intimacy is invaluable even for those who cant have sex on a regular basis. Working with a licensed couples therapist can help as well. Jumpstarting Your Sex Life The frequency of sex can, and often does, change over time, but that doesnt mean that its a progressive downhill slide. If youre wondering if sex can ever be as good as when you were first madly in love, the answer is yes. It can even be better when you add in what you didnt have before: a stable loving relationship thats grown mature and intimate. That said, it can take work. There are a number of ways to spice up your sex life, but looking at the non-sexual parts of your relationship is just as important. As many say, the biggest sex organ is between the ears. Increasing the frequency of sex without talking and connecting emotionally isnt likely to create lasting improvement. Stress management is also important. In her book, The Sex-Starved Marriage: Boosting Your Marriage Libido, a Couples Guide, therapist Michele Weiner-Davis  suggests taking a just do it approach: At first, many were understandably cautious about my Nike-style approach to their sex life; the Just Do It advice ran counter to everything they had believed about how sexual desire unfolds...I could often see the relief on peoples faces when they learned that their lack of out-of-the-blue sexual urges didnt necessarily signify a problem. It didnt mean there was something wrong with them or that something was missing from their marriages. It just meant that they experienced desire differently. If you always wait for your level of desire to match that of your partner, you may be waiting a long time. Getting in the Mood for Sex A Word From Verywell There are obviously many benefits to having sex more often (or a minimum of once a week) in a loving and supportive relationship. That said, all is not lost in your relationship if you are unable to have sex this frequently or at all. Your love can grow just as strong. If you are able to have sex but not enough, ask yourself why. Sometimes seeing a sex therapist may be the best way to work through any issues you are having. Keep in mind that it could make a difference not just for your relationship, but for your own physical and emotional health as well. The 6 Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs

Code of Ethics Free Essay Example, 3000 words

My parents taught me that lying is bad, no matter the intention or the consequences. This rule-based ethical principle has been affirmed through the course of my education life, where the deontological ethics has taught me that negative behaviors such as dishonesty, disrespect and selfishness are wrong, regardless of their outcomes (Gower, 2008). On the other hand, my mother stressed the value of virtues such as humility and respect, underlining the fact that all human beings should be treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their status in the society. This lesson aligns with the virtue-based ethics I have learnt through education, which argues that intrinsically nurtured virtues allows an individual to treat humanity as the end in itself, as opposed to treating it as a means to an end (Parsons, 2008). It is through the influence of this virtue-based ethics that I have developed the personal ethical code of respect, which requires that I treat all people with respect and di gnity, no matter who they are, what they have or even how they are perceived by the rest of the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Code of Ethics or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Additionally, the education I have acquired has taught me that it is only essential to approach issues based on their respective contexts. More specifically, virtue-based ethics has taught me that the rightness or wrongness of any action or event should be judged based on a case-by-case basis, as opposed to applying generalizations (Gower, 2008). It is out of this educational influence that I have developed the personal code of ethics value of open-mindedness. The parental upbringing that I received, which persistently stressed the importance of these virtues, coupled with the educational learning that I have heard in the course of my philosophy learning, have made these personal values very important for my life, and thus rendered them non-negotiable. In this respect, the five personal ethical codes of integrity, communication, open-mindedness, excellence and respect will keep guiding me throughout my daily walk of life, while encouraging me to continue pursuing what is always right, no matter how unpopular it might be with others. Respect I commit myself to be always courteous and polite while dealing with other people, regardless of their social status, economic status, gender, religion or sexual orientation of the individuals. Respect begets respect. Every human being deserves to be respected and treated with dignity, considering that it is only the material possessions and the social status attributions that make people be treated differently, yet all human beings have the same needs.

The Criminal Justice System Is A System - 1307 Words

Susan Mellen: Wronfully Convicted The criminal justice system is a system that prides itself on being able to help control crime and implement penalties to those that commit crimes. There is a specific way into which a person enters the justice system. First, a crime is committed. The crime is reported and that leads to an investigation. Once the investigation is completed and there is enough evidence, an arrest can be made (The Criminial Justice System, 2008). But what happens if something goes wrong within the investigation? What happens if there is a lot of pressure to make an arrest in the case? The answer is that people get wrongfully convicted. When an investigation is not done correctly, it can cause innocent people, such as Susan Marie Mellen, to be wrongfully convicted and spend many unnecessary years in prison. Susan Mellen, a mother of three children, was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1997. Susan was tried and convicted in the murder of Ricky Daly, her one time boyfriend. Ricky’s body was found gagged, bound, and set on fire after being violently attacked with a hammer (CBS, 2014). The night of the attack Susan was with both of her daughters and her current boyfriend’s father, Jim. Susan and her boyfriend Tom were moving into a new house. That is when Ricky was attacked in an abandoned house. There were many reports to police that Ricky was killed by members of a gang. Those gang members names were â€Å"Wicked†, â€Å"Ghost†, and â€Å"Payaso† (Innocence Matters, 2014).Show MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separat e agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is where the methodologies clash: sho uld the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, thereforeRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tas ks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendantRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village . The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe And The Criminal Justice System923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe attention of many scholars. They argue that while the practice has its advantages, it also has crippling drawbacks such as overpopulation in prisons and the undermining the presumption of innocence; the main principle which defines the criminal justice system. Individuals charged with an alleged offense are â€Å"remanded into custody through the issuance of a warrant of committal by a JP or judge† (Griffiths, 2015, pp. 179) and are continued to be held in prison for an indefinite time until they are

Nau company Free Essays

string(231) " only reached half of its funding goal, the first Ana store penned in Boulder, Colorado, in January 2007, with three more successful store openings following during the year in Adulating, Oregon; Chicago; and Bellevue, Washington\." Ana Innovating for Social Consciousness By Alex Claws Can a for-profit enterprise succeed if its main innovation is valuing social consciousness as much as shareholder returns? The question is particularly relevant in a time of high gas prices and a growing sense that our current consumption of natural resources is simply unsustainable. The founders of Ana, a fledgling retail outerwear company, believed the answer to this question to be a resounding mimes. Built with an unprecedented level of environmental, social, and human-rights unconsciousness, by April 2008 Ana was an underground success on the West Coast, opening five stores and a website selling critically acclaimed clothing collections. We will write a custom essay sample on Nau company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, at the beginning of May, Nan’s board of directors voted to shut down the company. Viewed through Insight’s lenses, Nan’s promise becomes clear-?along with the perils that led to its downfall. Ana had a reasonable business model built around a well-defined Job-to-be-done. But as will become clear, Ana didn’t follow an emergent strategy. And Nan’s management discovered that a business model that looks good on paper doesn’t always translate into immediate profits. Ultimately, a lack of careful execution and a push for quick expansion doomed Nan’s first incarnation. But the story of Ana is still unfolding. Ana 2. 0 is currently underway, and that venture appears to have a better chance of success. The Launch Ana (Maori for â€Å"welcome†) began with the dream of Eric Reynolds, an outdoor enthusiast entrepreneur, co-founder (in 1974) of outerwear brand Marmot, and subscriber to the belief that a single individual can have an impact on the world. In the summer of 2003, Reynolds conceived of Ana, a sustainable clothing company that would donate a significant portion of its revenue to nonprofit organizations. Specifically, Reynolds envisioned customers presented with a unique question at point-of-sale: â€Å"To which organization should ‘my five percent’ go? † By giving five percent of its revenue to nonprofits, Ana would break new ground. (For comparison, the most generous corporations give away one percent of revenue, with the average corporation giving less than . 05 percent. ) In the summer of 2004, Reynolds began recruiting a management team. In 2005, he hired a number of individuals away from Patagonia, a firm commonly considered a leader in outerwear, social consciousness, ND charitable giving. Chris Van Dyke (son of actor Dick Van Dyke), an ex-Nikkei employee 1 and ex-Patagonia vice president of branding and marketing, was hired as CEO. Mark Calibrating, a successful Patagonia designer, Joined Ana as lead designer. Patagonians director of marketing, Ian Yells, Joined as vice president of marketing. Nan’s commitment to sustainability framed the constraints within which Calibrating worked as he designed Nan’s clothing collection. Calibrating avoided any materials that weren’t renewable or recyclable while seeking a balance between performance, sustainability, and style. As a result, nearly all of the 30 fabrics utilized in Nan’s clothing collection were custom materials developed specifically for Ana. The fabrics -?made from corn, recycled plastic bottles, 100 percent organic wool, and recycled synthetics-?set a new standard for sustainability. Nan’s clothing creation process led to a number of innovations, including the elimination of solvent-based adhesives. The efforts of Calibrating and his team were rewarded-?Nan’s first collection received critical praise from such disparate sources as Men’s Vogue and Rock and Ice magazines. One downside: The fabric choices greatly constrained the range of colors possible, resulting in mostly drab hues. Nan’s custom fabrics also required that customers pay a substantial premium for their clothing, but Nan’s management team did not see this as a problem for its target customer segments: the affluent â€Å"multidimensional outdoor athlete,† the â€Å"new activist,† and â€Å"creative. The Ana team expected that their customers’ passion for sustainability would overcome any price resistance. Nan’s commitment to sustainability was enforced as carefully in its stores as in its clothing. The company eschewed traditional 4,000-square-foot retail stores for a 2,000-square-foot â€Å"Webfoot† concept. The store spaces were long and narrow, design ed purposefully with limited space for inventory that would be restocked twice weekly. Ana also offered customers a 10 percent discount and free shipping if they were willing to try clothing in the store, and then purchase it online. Assembled from a modular, prefabricated design, each store featured energy-saving lighting and leveraged materials such as reclaimed timber, toxin-free fiberboard, and recycled resin (for mannequins). Customers were offered a choice of 12 carefully selected environmental, social, and humanitarian nonprofit organizations, and five percent of the purchase price was donated to the chosen group. Nan’s values extended to its real estate leasing strategy as well-?Ana only leased store space that was LED-certified (LED certification indicates environmental- and health-consciousness standards). The company also set a minimum age limit for the workers at its overseas material suppliers. Nan’s principles included the constraint that the highest-paid worker within the company could only earn a maximum of 12 mimes the lowest-paid employee’s salary. Finally, Ana did not invest in marketing or public relations beyond a series of websites, choosing instead to rely on word-of- mouth, a more â€Å"sustainable† form of marketing in the eyes of Yells and his team. While Ana managed to be remarkably consistent in the infusion of its values into its processes, one of the key factors in its eventual downfall was that the company had a difficult time securing financing. At least one investor’s legal counsel balked at a contract clause that placed the â€Å"needs of society’ equal to the â€Å"needs of shareholders,† but Ana held firm. 2 Nan’s business plan called for it to earn more than $250 million in revenue in 2010 and to achieve profitability in 2009 or 2010, figures based on opening four stores in 2007, 20 stores in 2008, and 150 stores by 2010. To build the necessary momentum toward these goals, Ana needed at least $51 million in funding. By the end of 2006, Ana had raised $24 million, largely from â€Å"super angels,† individual investors who included the chairman of Seagate Technology, Steve Lucid, and Stephen Gomez, Nan’s chairman and a former Nikkei corporate vice president. Despite the fact that Ana had only reached half of its funding goal, the first Ana store penned in Boulder, Colorado, in January 2007, with three more successful store openings following during the year in Adulating, Oregon; Chicago; and Bellevue, Washington. You read "Nau company" in category "Papers" Ana completed its first year of operation in 2007 with 92 employees, four clothing collections, and four stores. In March 2008, Ana donated $223,000 to its 12 nonprofit organizations, implying 2007 sales of around $4. 5 million. In mid-April, Ana opened its fifth store in Los Angels. In late April 2008, despite raising an additional $10 million in funding, Ana announced that it would scale back its store- peeing plans to a total of five in 2008, down from an already-reduced projection of 10. Finally, on May 1, Nan’s board of directors voted to â€Å"wind down its business operations,† citing â€Å"insurmountable financial obstacles. † All inventory was liquidated at 50 percent off and the stores were closed. Post-mortem interviews with Nan’s executives suggest that the company was approximately $5 million to $10 million short of the funds needed to sustain its operations and open additional stores towards its goal of profitability. In the days following the decision, many customers commented on Nan’s blob, expressing sadness, frustration, and anger and questioning why Ana had failed. Ana: The Post-Mortem Looking at Ana through Insight’s business model innovation framework and a number of Insight lenses offers insight into how Ana developed such a devoted following as well as how the management team might have been able to ensure a brighter future for their company. Insight believes that business model innovation is one of the most powerful ways for organizations to achieve new growth. By carefully adjusting business model components-?the customer value proposition (the offering itself), the profit system (how the company creates value for itself), key resources (the critical things required to deliver on the value proposition), and key processes (how the company organizes and acts to deliver on the value proposition) -?organizations can build the type of competitive advantage necessary to create truly transformation growth. Nan’s business model looked good-?on paper, at least. But Nan’s impatient push for profits made it hard to really validate whether the business model would in fact work, and shut all opportunities for learning. Ana pulled the customer value proposition lever expertly. The company created potently positive solutions to a number of emotional, social, and functional Jobs-to- be-done. The sustainability of Nan’s operations and products set a new standard of satisfaction for the emotional Job â€Å"Feel good about 3 the environmental and social consciousness of my clothing. Nan’s clothing also satisfied the social Job â€Å"Convey to others that I prioritize the sustainability of my clothing over its color and flash. † And, as lauded by Rock and Ice magazine, Nan’s clothing also satisfied myriad functional Jobs related to comfort and technical performance. Since its sustainable materials carried up to a 20-percent price premium over more commercially available materials, Ana had to pass the premium along t o customers. But Nan’s management team was correct in assuming that the high quality and the redeeming social and environmental value of its clothing Justified that premium in the eyes of customers -?as long as the economy was robust enough that sufficient customers could afford it. And Ana broke new ground with its â€Å"Webfoot† stores by implementing a retail business model that required lower capital and operational expenditures than a traditional retail store model. But there was a significant downside to Nan’s profit-system choices. Insight recommends that new ventures â€Å"be patient for growth, impatient for profit. † Nan’s management expected the company to have 150 stores in operation by 2010, but did not expect profitability until 2009 at the earliest. Growth was thus essential to profitability, creating a significant risk of failure if the company could not reach its early-stage funding goals. Insight also recommends that new ventures pursue an emergent strategy, to take small steps by conducting inexpensive tests of its key assumptions about the new racket. When the test results are in, the venture can analyze the results, adjust its strategy accordingly, and then conduct additional tests. This careful approach helps new ventures optimize for success while avoiding huge, potentially fatal resource commitments. In Nan’s case, an emergent strategy might have enabled the firm to consume its funding more slowly while developing an optimal strategy. Instead, the team decided to go straight to launching full Webfoot’s rather than testing the clothing line in a department store or opening a single, test-store concept. The root cause for the failure of Ana 1. 0 seems to have been that Nan’s business strategy and some of its business model decisions proved questionable. By following a more careful, emergent strategy and by focusing on profitability before growth, Nan’s executives might have been able to strike a better balance between vision and execution. Ana 2. 0: On June 24, 2008, Nan’s fortunes turned around. Horny Toad Activities, a Santa Barbara-based lifestyle clothing company, stepped in to buy Nan’s assets with the goal of re-launching a modified version of Ana by late summer. While â€Å"Ana 2. † Is gust beginning to emerge, early signs suggest that the re-launch will follow a strategy more closely aligned to that which Insight would recommend for success. Horny Toad creates and sells men’s and women’s lifestyle and outerwear clothing. Horny Toad’s tagging, â€Å"every day is an adventure,† introduces a humorous, irreverent, so cially-conscious approach that lies at the core of everything the company does. Indeed, Horny Toad and Ana have much in common. Horny Toad’s stated commitment to â€Å"lightening its environmental footprint† and to 4 supporting both the community and organizations that improve the world immediately suggest synergies. Much as Ana showcased the organizations chosen for customer contributions, the Horny Toad website highlights its support for causes ranging from helping adults with developmental disabilities to supporting clean energy, with a wide range of other environmental and community-activist organizations in between. However, in contrast to Nan’s commitment to sell its clothing solely through a growing number of its own stores, Horny Toad has only two stores and sells its clothing in a wide variety of online and brick-and-mortar retailers. In addition to a store in Freeport, Maine, Horny Toad runs the â€Å"Lizard Lounge† in Portland, Oregon, complete with music, wireless access, coffee, and ping-pong. Horny Toad clothing has been lauded for its hip funkiness by print publications and blobs alike. Recognizing the similarities between Ana and Horny Toad, Horny Toad felt that it would support its motto â€Å"do well by doing good† by purchasing Nan’s assets and hiring its leadership to help re-launch the clothing line. In addition to providing financial support, Horny Toad will sell Ana clothing in the Lizard Lounge and, in a break from Nan’s original treated, through other retailers as well. And, with Horny Toad’s support, a percentage of Ana sales will continue to go to worthy non-profits. According to Nan’s â€Å"Thought Kitchen† blob, shortly after the relationship was finalized Ana leadership began working to resurrect relationships with company partners and to put together a Fall/Holiday clothing collection in time for October availability. While the Ana clothing line will continue to deliver on the â€Å"Beauty, Performance, and Sustainability’ commitment through the use of environmentally friendly and socially conscious trials and methods, a quote from Nan’s website gets to the heart of why Ana 2. May very well succeed while 1. 0 failed: â€Å"As we move forward with the re-launch of Ana, you’ll definitely recognize us, but we intend to do some things differently†¦ We’re going to start small and grow the business organically in relationship to the demand for our product. We’ll continue to sell our prod uct at Ana. Com, but we’re also going to partner with select retailers who share our common goals. We will not be operating our own retail stores, at least not in the near term†¦ So stay tuned. We’re coming back. Smaller and a little wiser, our ambitions tempered a bit by the experience, but our passions most definitely intact. Ana 2. G’s strategy will most likely enable the brand to focus more closely on identifying the product, marketing, and channel mix that appeals most to customers, without worrying about the pressures of rapid expansion. Particularly in a new venture, vision and passion tempered by patience and pragmatism is the way to go. This approach is also particularly appropriate in these tough economic times. Satisfying social and emotional Jobs-to-be-done around environmental friendliness ND social consciousness may be enough to earn significant premiums for clothing in a strong economy. However, during an economic downturn, financial reality frequently wins out as consumers prioritize value over the satisfaction of some social and emotional Jobs. 5 For example, since the economy began to sour, Whole Foods Market has seen some of its consumers move their food spending to more budget-friendly alternatives. Whole Foods has responded by shifting its marketing strategy from a focus on quality and environmental friendliness to an emphasis on discounts, store brands, and reduce value as it attempts to keep its customers. Even if Ana 1. 0 had received enough funding earlier in 2008 to continue operations, economic conditions would likely have pushed the enterprise to the breaking point, as has happened with many other fledgling clothing boutiques. When Ana 1. 0 launched, its management team made an impressive commitment to the company’s values, taking steps such as tracing the wool used in its clothing back to the sheep to ensure that they were well-treated and implementing a â€Å"sustainable† word-of-mouth marketing strategy. To launch the new Ana, it is clear that the team as had to compromise on some of its values, such as the control provided by company-owned storefronts, a grassroots-only marketing effort, and potentially the level of contribution to nonprofits. In the end, however, the Ana 2. 0 strategy, with the help of Horny Toad, may be the key to enabling the company’s sustainable operation. Making their operations as sustainable as their values will help ensure that Ana is able to be a force for good in the world for a long time to come. For more information: http://www. Ana. Com/coming-this-fall. HTML (Accessed 8/29/08, 1 :41 pm) http:// www. Gibbousness. Com/CGI-bin/magma/article. Pl? Articled=30412; http:// gratifiers. Com/content/fullest/? Acid=50781 6 Innovator’s Insight In Need of an Innovation Fill-up By Stephen Hunker Recent news that Consulship’s will be selling all 600 of its U. S. Service stations for $800 million comes as little surprise. Oil companies are facing extraordinarily attractive investment opportunities in exploration and production, and the service station business has been tightly squeezed between rising wholesale costs, inability to pass along those cost increases, and falling demand as driving declines. Clearly the station’s buyer-?closely held Peterson Fuel-?sees it differently. We do too. In our view, Peterson Fuel is buying cheap assets with lots of innovation headroom. While â€Å"stick to your knitting† is a popular business maxim, it is of course common to find diversified businesses. There are several reasons diversification can make sense: ; If the new business can share costs and customers with the core business-? in this case, owning both enterprises can provide scale economies, improve distribution, create a better buying experience, and other advantages. This is why many European parameters have service stations outside their doors, for example. ; If the new business provides a useful hedge against a core with volatile returns but a need for consistent investment. This explains why many pharmaceutical firms own over-the-counter consumer healthcare brands. ; By diversifying, a firm can hold on to a seemingly unrelated business because it sees substantial headroom for growth and a right to triumph in that arena. This is one reason News Corporation bought Namespace. Historically, oil companies owned service stations for each of these reasons. The end nonuser drove demand, and having direct access to that consumer allowed firms to exercise some control over demand levels while also gaining precise information about what products were demanded where. Profits from service stations could offset volatility in exploration and production. Also, the advent of convenience stores at service stations created a new high-margin business. Each of these Justifications for integration now seems threatened by changes such as improved information technology, more efficient capital markets, and communication of the service station experience. With supermarket-owned service stations now coming to the United States, oil companies face new competitors who may even sell gasoline at a loss in order to drive traffic into their stores. In the I-J, pressure from supermarkets is a factor leading to the net closure of 600 service stations per year. The service station business is looking much less attractive than it used to. So, what might Peterson Fuel be thinking? We imagine two major Justifications for the investment. First, if oil prices decline, the profit margins on service stations may rise, and Peterson will have bought valuable assets for a song. Second, there may be much more innovation headroom in this business than oil companies have traditionally assumed. For instance, Fullness Media International offers local news, weather, and sports on screens at pumps at a few hundred stations. Fullness pays the retailer and shows ads to this highly captive audience. Shell is experimenting with fuel pumps that are activated simply by a swipe of a fingerprint. Dutch inventors have created a robotic arm that finds a car’s fuel cap, unscrews it, and automatically pumps gas. Regional fuel retailer Sheets differentiates itself through premium coffee and made- o-order sandwiches. Another retailer, Valier, is piloting 5,000-square-foot convenience stores with fully nonwhite of the space dedicated to fresh food and other perishables. Oil companies would be well-served by thinking through how well the jobs of their customers are getting done, and whether they can De-commoditized the service station business through new propositions or re-definition of the competitive set. Looking through this lens, we can imagine how a mother could prefer a certain service station because it offers very fast, targeted entertainment for bored children n the back seat, or how a senior might prefer one with very brightly lit displays. The advent of electric- and fuel-cell-powered vehicles opens further possibilities for using service station real estate in new ways. Look at how Best Buy reconciled what an electronics retailer could be, and how it escaped industry communication in the process. While Wall-Mart and others cut prices ruthlessly, Best Buy rolled out Geek Squad-?a service tightly integrated with its retailing business that addressed a wide swath of unsatisfied Jobs its customers faced post-sale. It also became a place to try new videotapes. The store is even trying to become a hub for musicians buying electric guitars and other gear. In the process, the company increased revenue 92 percent over five years, almost entirely through internally generated growth. It turned out that electronics retailing wasn’t a commodity business at all. Sometimes a dog business is Just a dog business. MM spun off its floppy disk and magnetic tape business in 1996, and that turned out to be a smart move. But we find it hard to believe that there is little room for profitable innovation in a retail business that hundreds of millions consumers have to visit on a regular basis. When the finance people come knocking, looking to sell downtrodden assets and invest the proceeds in high-flying businesses, lock the doors for a bit. The business may indeed have few prospects. On the other hand, it may support the core business in many oblique but important ways, and it may have far more innovation headroom left to exploit. – â€Å"Consulship’s Will Sell Its Company-owned Service Stations†, by Brett Clayton, Houston Chronicle, August 27, 2008 (http://www. Chronic. Com/disk/story. Ml/business/energy/5969574. HTML) 8 â€Å"Finding the Right Job for your Product†, by Clayton Christensen, Scott Anthony, Gerald Brewster and Denies Meetinghouse, Sloan Management Review, Spring 2007 (http://www. Insight. Com/innovation_resources/research. HTML? Id=167) 9 Innovators’ Update A Good Start for Amazon AMP Amazon’s digital music store keeps sailing on the winds of industry changes Insight #98 from October 2007, â€Å"Handicapping Amazo n’s Low-Cost Music Store,† suggested that Amazon might find the results of its then newly launched music download store disappointing. What has happened since? By Renee Hopkins Callahan When Amazon launched its Amazon AMP online music download store in September 007, we were skeptical. At the time, Apple had sold more than 100 million pods and tunes had a lock on the online music market. Amazon AMP planned to sell music free of Digital Rights Management (DORM) protection-?a limited supply, since at the time only one of the four major music labels had agreed to make its music available without DORM protection. Amazon AMP seemed unlikely to succeed with a business model focused on undercutting tunes on price, selling songs for 89 cents instead of 99 cents. We were right that the low-cost strategy would not put much of a dent in the popularity of Tunes. Yet circumstances in the year since its launch have helped Amazon refine its strategy and offer a preview of possible success. According to NYPD Group research released in late July, tunes remains on top of the music retail pack. It is the largest music retailer in the world and it sells at least 90 percent of digital downloads in the U. S. However, the same research showed that Amazon AMP has grown to be the fourth-largest retailer of music in the U. S. , behind tunes, Walter, and Best Buy. That puts Amazon AMP in second place for online music download sales. And while here’s still a huge gap in volume between tunes and Amazon AMP-?with Amazon’s share of the market in single digits-?Amazon is in the game. However, Amazon hasn’t accomplished that by stealing tunes customers. Russ Cropping, an entertainment industry analyst for NYPD, said in an April 2008 report that only about 10 percent of Amazon AMP customers used to be tunes users, with the other 90 percent likely to be people who had been using other services or were new to digital downloading. Amazon AMP attracts young adults age 18 to 25, while tunes’ strongest demographic is teens age 13 to 17, another April 2008 study said. Amazon has likely benefited from winds of change blowing in the music industry. A number of analysts have speculated that the industry sees Amazon as an ally in an effort to break Apple’s dominance in digital music. It would seem counterintuitive that the music industry would want to bypass its richest retail channel. But some of Apple’s practices cut profits for the major labels. In late August, the Wall Street Journal reported on a growing trend in the music business: labels deliberately withholding some of their music from tunes. The article cites several cases in which albums were either not made available on Tunes or were pulled. Why? While consumers strongly prefer purchasing music by song, music label executives, managers and even some artists dislike the tunes policy that requires that music be made available by the song as well 10 as by the album, because profit margins for single-song sales aren’t nearly as good as the margins for album sales. Meanwhile, Amazon AMP lets labels sell music the way they want to. If a label wishes to make an artist’s work available only by the album, Amazon AMP allows it. Some of the music that the labels have been withholding from tunes is ending up on Amazon AMP. The DORM issue has worked to Amazon’s benefit as well. Apple’s tunes has historically sold Deteriorated downloads. Such encoding means that songs downloaded on tunes cannot be played on other AMP devices. Apple has worked to persuade the major labels to drop DORM, though it still seeks to keep tunes the only source of song downloads for the pod. At the time that Amazon AMP launched, only MIME, one of the four major music labels, had announced it would drop DORM protection on its music. By early January 2008, a few months after Amazon AMP launched, the three other major labels-universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and Sony BMW- dropped DORM. That meant their music could be made available on Amazon AMP, which does not use DORM, and which features free software that delivers a customer’s AMP file directly to their tunes library. Meanwhile, according to a May 30 Macdonald magazine story, â€Å"Sony, Universal, and Warner continue to withhold the unencumbered tracks from Apple, choosing instead to back tuner’s rivals. † Amazon may have more surprises up its virtual sleeve. In late July, Fortune magazine reported that Amazon was in talks with Namespace about becoming the social networking giant’s download store partner hen it rolls out its highly anticipated Joint venture with Universal, Warner Music and Sony BMW in September. If the deal goes through, it puts Amazon in a good position to continue nipping at Apple’s heels. According to the Fortune report, Namespace plans to let its 120 million users stream entire songs before downloading them. That potentially changes the convenience trade-off for the Namespace customers in Amazon’s favor, because they would be able to buy a song and get it into their computer’s music manager, even tunes, with one click using Amazon’s software. Those who wanted to use tunes would have to leave Namespace and physically go to Tunes to accomplish the same end. Clearly, we underestimated the desire of other companies to develop a reasonable Number Two to Apple, a position that Amazon AMP seems to have grown into in the last year. If Amazon can figure out more ways to capitalize on its toehold position in the digital music business, How to cite Nau company, Papers

The legitimacy of the armed struggle of the Tamil Essay Example For Students

The legitimacy of the armed struggle of the Tamil Essay people Democracy may mean acceding to the rule of the majority,but democracy also means governments by discussion andpersuasion. It is the belief that the minority of today maybecome the majority of tomorrow that ensures the stabilityof a functioning democracy. The practice of democracy inSri Lanka within the confines of a unitary state served toperpetuate the oppressive rule of a permanent Sinhalamajority. It was a permanent Sinhala majority, which through a series oflegislative and administrative acts, ranging fromdisenfranchisement, and standardisation of University admissions,to discriminatory language and employment policies, and statesponsored colonisation of the homelands of the Tamil people,sough to establish its hegemony over people of Tamil Eelam. These legislative and administrative acts were reinforced fromtime to time with physical attacks on the Tamil people with intentto terrorise and intimidate them into submission. It was a courseof conduct which led eventually to rise of Tamil militancy in themid 1970s with, initially, sporadic acts of violence. The militancywas met with wide ranging retaliatory attacks on increasinglylarge sections of the Tamil people with intent, once again tosubjugate them. In the late 1970s large numbers of Tamil youthswere detained without trial and tortured under emergencyregulations and later under the Prevention of Terrorism Actwhich has been described by the International Commission ofJurists as a blot on the statute book of any civilised country. In1980s and thereafter, there were random killings of Tamils bythe state security forces and Tamil hostages were taken by thestate when suspects were not found. We will write a custom essay on The legitimacy of the armed struggle of the Tamil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsreads: Whereas it is essential if man is not compelled as alast resort to rebellion against tyranny andoppression, that human rights should be protectedby the rule of law.The rise of the armed struggle of the Tamil people constituted theTamil rebellion against a continuing Sinhala oppression over aperiod of several decades. The gross consistent and continuingviolations of the human rights of the Tamil people have been welldocumented by innumerable reports of human rightsorganisations as well as of independent observers of the SriLankan scene. Walter Schwarz commented in the Minority Rights GroupReport on Tamils of Sri Lanka, 1983The makings of an embattled freedom movementnow seem assembled: martyrs, prisoners and apitiful mass of refugees. Talk of Biafra which hadsounded misplaced in 1975, seemed less unreal afew years later As this report goes to press inSeptember 1983, the general outlook for humanrights in Sri Lanka is not promising. The presentconflict has transcended the special considerationof minority rights and has reached the point wherethe basic human rights of the Tamil community therights to life and property, freedom of speech andself expression and freedom from arbitrary arresthave in fact and in law been subject to gross andcontinued violations. The two communities aremow polarised and continued repression coupledwith economic stagnation can only producestronger demands from the embattled minority,which unless there is a change in direction by thecentral government, will result in a strongerSinhalese back lash and the possibility of outrightcivil war. David Selbourne remarked in July 1984: The crimes committed by the Sri Lankan stateagainst the Tamil minority against its physicalsecurity, citizenship rights, and politicalrepresentation -are of growing gravity.. Reportafter report by impartial bodies By AmnestyInternational, By the International Commission ofjurists, By parliamentary delegates from the Westby journalists and scholars have set out clearly thescale of growing degeneration of the political andphysical well being of the Tamil minority in SriLanka Their cause represents the very essence ofthe cause of human rights and justice; and to denyit, debases and reduces us all. .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .postImageUrl , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:hover , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:visited , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:active { border:0!important; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:active , .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0 .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud203bb3b24016a99117acfddd23d25b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Improvisation based on text EssayA Working Group chaired by Goran Backstrand, of the SwedishRed Cross at the Second Consultation on Ethnic Violence,Development and Human Rights, Netherlands, in February 1985concluded:There was a general consensus that within SriLanka today, the Tamils do not have the